Macroeconomics Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macroeconomics Bachelor - Essay Example It was noticed that Central Banks have been effective in their approaches which controlled expansion especially in controlling protecting nations from stuns, for example, high oil costs. This system will be clarified utilizing different macroeconomic standards. The cash gracefully is legitimately connected with swelling as appeared in the well known Quantity Theory of Money (QTM). This model connections the degree of cash gracefully to the degree of costs of products and enterprises sold, therefore swelling. The celebrated condition of the TQM is MV = PT, where P is the normal value level, T is the volume of exchanges of merchandise and enterprises, V is the speed of flow, and M is the cash gracefully in the economy. From this condition, we can see that cash gracefully and value level have direct relationship. We should take note of that TQM accept that V and T are steady for the time being, leaving just M and P variable. Subsequently, when the cash flexibly pairs, the value level in the economy additionally copies. In this manner, Central Banks can either increment or reduction the cash flexibly so as to do likewise in swelling. In the announcement being investigated, Central Banks can maintain a strategic distance from wage-value spirals (which are viewed as P in the QTM) by seeking after a contractionary fiscal arrangement. As per Mishkin (2004), bringing down the cash gracefully is finished by raising rebate rates which demoralizes bank borrowings, open market deal which fixes holds and money related base, and raise the save necessity among banks which contracts the accessible assets for banks to allow as credits to borrowers. Additionally, another strategy normally done in open economies and has supplanted fiscal focusing on is called expansion focusing on. Swelling focusing on is a financial arrangement wherein the national bank of a nation gauges and makes open an anticipated or 'target' expansion rate and afterward endeavors to guide genuine swelling towards the objective using loan fee changes and other fiscal devices (Inflation Targeting 2006). Instead of straightforwardly controlling expansion by changing the degree of cash gracefully, national banks picked to control loan fees. As loan costs and swelling are contrarily related, the national bank raises financing costs if expansion seems to move over its objective. In the interim, if expansion seems, by all accounts, to be underneath the objective, the national bank will bring down loan fees. This arrangement has been received first by New Zealand in 1989. Expansion focusing on has likewise been received by nations like the United States, Britain, S outh Korea, and Brazil. Expansion targeters have additionally set a period skyline over which to arrive at their objectives. This typically relies upon how high the beginning pace of expansion is comparative with the ideal rate. Since, swelling focusing on requires straightforwardness; national banks intermittently discharge expansion reports, and press articulations (IMF 2003). 2. Blueprint the impacts of such fiscal approach on value desires in the national bank's residential economy. Swelling focusing, so as to be completely powerful in controling hyperinflationary desires require straightforwardness which

Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Evaluation - Essay Example The unwavering quality of an emotional test is dictated by the level of its accuracy and consistency in giving data with respect to the examinee. A solid test should yield indistinguishable outcomes when run on various occasions or when utilized with a similar gathering of understudies since it is steady in its techniques and measures. Dependable test outcomes are steady and predictable (McMillan, 2008; Atherton, 2011). Legitimacy is the capacity of a test to gauge the expected target. The three kinds of legitimacy are substance, model and build legitimacy. Content legitimacy is accomplished if the substance of the test coordinates the planned goals. Basis legitimacy is dictated by the ability of the test to identify with other outer elements. Build legitimacy thinks about instructive factors while anticipating the test outcomes (McMillan, 2008).An case of a target test is: The dependability of an abstract test can be estimated by giving a similar test more than once or giving making two types of a similar test with slight varieties. The dependability of such test is estimated by ascertaining the connection of the consistency. Inward consistency is controlled by associating a portion of the evaluation with the staying half. Unwavering quality consistence ranges from 0 to 1.0 with 0 speaking to nonattendance of dependability while 1 delineates flawless unwavering quality. Test with an unwavering quality coefficient of above 0.8 are viewed as standard while those with a coefficient underneath 0.5 are viewed as less solid. Legitimacy is estimated by building up if the test meets or measures the proposed objective (McMillan, 2008; Atherton, 2011). Deciding the dependability and legitimacy of a test is significant since it help in building up exactness of the evaluation acquired utilizing such a test, if a test is substantial and solid the outcomes got are viewed as a genuine delineation of the students’ level of comprehension Developmental evaluation is utilized by the instructors or teachers to acquire

MBA Entrance Essay Samples

MBA Entrance Essay SamplesWhile applying for an MBA entrance exam, the MBA entrance essay samples often act as a guide and can help you to form the content of your essay. The success of the MBA entrance exam comes from the quality of the content provided in the essay, and since these are often from companies, they can be a good indication on what type of essay will give you an edge over other applicants. These are sometimes broken down into sections and put into words for those who prefer to read instead of have a verbal explanation.The first section of the MBA entrance essay sample usually shows the article writing that a student must write. This requires the student to prepare for as many details as possible about a company's goals, mission, and vision, how it works, and its future plans. This often involves research and interviews as well as creating a concrete business plan based on facts and figures. They should be able to provide a wide variety of sources and information to sup port their facts and figures to make it easier for readers to digest.The next section of MBA entrance essay samples usually focuses on analyzing the business itself. This can include information about the business, its strengths and weaknesses, its competitors, their strengths and weaknesses, as well as the history of the company and its growth throughout its existence. It should provide context about the market, businesses it has competed against, as well as the types of products and services that it provides. The essay should have all the necessary facts and figures necessary to make the points they want to make.The third section of MBA entrance essay samples will show how the business can best serve the customer. They should provide information on the company's products and services that can best help people find happiness in their lives. This includes providing examples of these from situations people have experienced or that they are currently experiencing in their lives.The fo urth section of these essays normally focuses on analyzing the company's goals, goals that are realistic for the business. They should provide goals that are suitable to the type of business that the applicant has chosen to enter. The truth is that you need to use this to your advantage when you are writing your essay because it should be specific enough to make the reader sit up and take notice of it.The fifth section of the MBA entrance essay samples shows the student how to analyze current trends in order to offer solutions to problems the public faces. The student should highlight the current questions people have about certain issues in order to inspire thought and ideas that can be used by leaders. This section also includes looking at the past trends and seeing how things can be made to improve.The sixth section of the MBA entrance essay samples show the current economic times that the business is in. They should use research and interviews to show that the business has benef ited from the current economy. The student should give examples of businesses that they have worked in that have profited from the current economy in order to prove that this is possible for them.These are some of the sections of MBA entrance essay samples that students can use to give the best essay they possibly can. The essay should be able to highlight the strengths of the business in a clear manner to make the reader sit up and take notice. Many MBA entrance essay samples also contain information on the importance of leadership and how they can help the business to flourish. This can be an extremely valuable piece of information when writing an essay about a topic that is important to the business.

Quotes From PW Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa

I never have the nagging doubt of wondering whether perhaps I am wrong. President P. W. Botha, who served as the Prime Minister of South Africa from 1978 to 1984 and executive State President from 1984 to 1989, gave many memorable remarks about leading South Africa under the policies of apartheid that kept races segregated. On Apartheid I am one of those who believe that there is no permanent home for even a section of the Bantu in the white area of South Africa, and the destiny of South Africa depends on this essential point. If the principle of permanent residence for the black man in the area of the white is accepted, then it is the beginning of the end of civilization as we know it in this country. The people who are opposing the policy of apartheid have not the courage of their convictions. They do not marry non-Europeans. Because you could not translate the word apartheid into the more universal language of English, the wrong connotation was given to it. I am sick and tired of the hollow parrot-cry of apartheid! Ive said many times that the word apartheid means good neighborliness. On Race Relations You could not claim for yourself that which you were not prepared to grant others. The security and happiness of all minority groups in South Africa depends on the Afrikaner. Most blacks are happy, except those who have had other ideas pushed into their ears. If the principle of permanent residence for the black man in the area of the white is accepted, then it is the beginning of the end of civilization as we know it in this country. I am not against the provision of the necessary medical assistance to colored and natives, because unless they receive that medical aid, they become a source of danger to the European community. The white people who came here lived at a very much higher standard than the indigenous peoples and with a very rich tradition, which they brought with them from Europe. Our history is responsible for the differences in the South African way of life. Botha Quotes On Leading South Africa The free world wants to feed South Africa to the Red Crocodile [communism] to appease its hunger. The idea of an Afrikaner people as a cultural entity and religious group with a special language will be retained in South Africa as long as civilization stands. Half a century ago in this court, I was sworn in as the member of Parliament for George. And here I am today...I am not better than General De Wet. I am not better than President Steyn. Like them, I stand firm in my principles. I can do no different. So help me God. Adapt or die. I believe we are today crossing the Rubicon, Mr. Chairman. In South  Africa, there can be no turning back. I have a manifesto for the future of our country and we must engage in positive action in the months and years that lie ahead.From his National Party Congress Speech, 15 August 1985. Sources Crwys-Williams, Jennifer. Penguin Dictionary of South African Quotations. Paperback, Penguin Global, August 12, 2009. Krog, Antjie. Country of My Skull. Hardcover, Crown, First Edition edition, February 22, 1999. Lennox-Short, Alan. A treasury of quotations. AD. Donker, 1991. McGreal, Chris. Brothers in arms — Israels secret pact with Pretoria. The Guardian, February 7, 2006. PW Botha. South Africa Travel Online, 2017. Van der Vat, Dan. PW Botha. The Guardian, November 2006.

Essay on Music and Its Influence - 884 Words

Music and it’s influence It is no doubt that music has played a vital role in our society. Everything from loud, head-banging concerts to religious ceremonies have utilized the medium of music because of its awe-inspiring qualities. Music is basically the control of sound. We can control this sound by varying the pitch, tempo, octaves, dynamics and so on. There are thousands of ways that we can use music and to shape it to how we want to hear it. But how much has music influenced the way we think today? Why is it so popular? Music dates right back to the prehistoric eras where primitive instruments were constructed using items like bone and wood. These primitive musicians would not have known many of the modern terms such as octaves†¦show more content†¦If we see a film about a jungle, normally the soundtrack is composed of instruments like bongos or shakers. This is because we instantly associate this sort of music with jungles and indigenous tribes. So whilst some parts of the world stayed traditionalist, other parts were taking music to the next step. Western cultures have used music for almost every aspect of life. Music was used for entertainment, religion, war cries and important ceremonies. Some countries have unfortunately lost their culture and heritage thanks to more developed countries trying to expand their empires. A good example of this is when the indigenous Mexican people were murdered in their homeland by the invading Spanish – and replaced the traditional drums and flutes with more vibrant shakers and trumpets. It is no doubt that the way upper countries have acted has greatly affected the distribution of music worldwide. I’m sure you’ll all agree when I say that music is changing very fast. It’s either that or we keep changing our tastes in music every five minutes – which is far more probable. Today if someone put on a record from just 10-20 years ago we’d probably think of that music as being incredibly old or very simple. I don’t know about you, but I can’t stand to watch some (if not most) of the early Top of the Pops because the music is so old. We think of this as being old, but inShow MoreRelatedEssay about Music throughout Society961 Words   |  4 PagesMusic throughout Society Weve been talking a lot about social rituals. Well, just what exactly is a social ritual? Social rituals are, basically, traditions or customs that a society has followed for many years. For example, in America, most people follow the custom of dating. In Israel, they tend to follow the tradition of arranged marriages. Yet, in some countries, they use courtship. Even though all three of these approaches to finding a mate are different, they all are very similar becauseRead MoreAfrican Americans Influence On Music1229 Words   |  5 Pagestoday’s day and age, it’s easy to hear black culture represented in most hip-hop; that is the dominating music genre that expresses African American views. It’s not so easy to remember where African Americans influence on music al began. Black influence on music today is really unrecognized but it’s important to bring to light just how much African Americans really have contributed to the sound, style, and feel of todayâ €™s music. Not just hip-hop or rap, but all kinds of music. There was one particularRead MoreMusic Influences Consumers : Does Music Really Influence The Way Consumers Shop?1540 Words   |  7 Pages17 2016 Music Influences Consumers Does music really influence the way consumers shop? Music affects many aspects of the consumers live in today’s society. Music is one of the easiest wat to connect with other people and convince them about something, because everyone listens to it regardless of the genre. Music has certain ways of affecting the way consumers shop by determining what brand they will buy, or how much products they will purchase. Some songs that are an example of how music and effectRead MoreThe Negative Portrayal of Women in Hip Hop and Rap Music Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesbeat-boxer in rap music today, has been quoted saying, â€Å"Hip-hop is supposed to uplift and create, to educate people on a larger level and to make a change.† Although this is the original intention of hip-hop music, public opinion currently holds the opposite view. Since the 1970’s musical artists have changed the face of hip-hop and rap and worldwide, people – mostly teens—have been str iving to emulate certain artists and their lyrics, which has created negative stereotypes for hip-hop music and also forRead MoreThe Debate Of Hip Hop Music1509 Words   |  7 Pagescertain genres of music have an impact on the behavior of listeners, whether that impact is positive or negative. Would a person steal because of a song they heard? Would a person murder another human due to the lyrics of their favorite song? Questions like these are often asked and very rarely answered. The main genre of debate: hip hop music. Though the debate continues to go on in today’s society, the answer has never been given. In fact, some research shows that hip -hop music can have a generallyRead MoreOur Mental Health is Based on Emotions, Moods, and Reactions Essay805 Words   |  4 Pagespeople? Or even sometimes, when everything is on your head and you are so exhausted of these problems and you don’t see the way off? What will help all these people, who are ready to give up, o r even â€Å"say goodbye to life†? We well know about the influence of art on our health, both mental and physical. Art has big effect on our mood(not only positive). Contemplation to artwork helps relieve tension, stress, break free from anxiety, and get rid of depression. The true art is harmonizing our inner worldRead MoreJazz And Jazz Culture1273 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is culture? What is African culture? What is Jazz music and where did it come from? How can one culture, in a sense, impact the musical landscape of the whole Western world and eventually assimilate into ‘pop’ culture? If we want to truly understand jazz and it’s concepts, we have to navigate through history and explore it’s roots. Simply put, jazz is African American music, and the genre, as we know, formed in New Orleans. However, the origins of jazz started well before then, in Africa. TheRead MoreThe History Of Rock And Roll1028 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Heavy Metal† music Term paper 10/15/2015 Student: Robert Thoroughman MU1133 The History of Rock and Roll Instructor: Dr. Barry E. Kopetz Heavy Metal is a genre of music that is defined by Dictonary.com as an â€Å"aggressive and heavily amplified rock music, commonly performed by groups that wear spectacular or bizarre costumes†. Another definition listed is; â€Å"a type of rock music characterized by a strong beat and amplified instrumental effects, sometimes with violent, or nihilistic lyrics†Read MorePop Culture: Music is a Positive Influence1167 Words   |  5 PagesCulture: Music is a Positive Influence Music has been known throughout time. It can help us through everything. There are so many solutions with music to help a person go through so many situations. Music can affect many people in many different ways. Without music some people would be lost and would have no motivation. Music can provide inspiration and insight through education. Music has influence on suicides, killings and shootings, and provocative actions. It can also influence good moralsRead MoreEssay on The Media Should Be Censored1023 Words   |  5 Pagesof stress. Thou Media as proved to be beneficial by educating, entertaining and informing us, it has also have its downfall, to cause many bad influences to the younger audience. Media has influenced us to conduct bad behavior, breed violence among teens and fear to the public, thus causing a lot of negative conflicts among ourselves. Television, Music, Internet, and more, are just some of the media exposure that needs to be censored and controlled. Media needs to be restricted, so that it doesn’t

Essay on Sociology and Life - 2045 Words

Socio-Autobiography (What my life is –what I make of it with the help of Biological and a Sociological Mix – A slice of my of life) Author: Nancy Gutierrez Written for my Sociology Class Culture and Society Instructor: Joan McGowan My family traditions and values have influenced my biological and cultural views and values. My life and career goals bear resemblance with my parents life and expectations influenced by class and culture. Yet have been structured by Sociological concepts. The older I become the more I clearly feel life is beginning to make sense. Looking back at my childhood I feel as I was living life all while being contained. I was born in Texas and raised in Indiana, in a town where speaking Spanish†¦show more content†¦Hispanic cultural) or the names. All I knew was that they were making me wish I had been born into another culture just to fit in. I soon realized they were ignorant out of lack of Education on Diversity and Race. They were prejudice and they showed signs of being ethnocentric, they assumed that their own culture and way of life was superior to all others. (Schaefer, 2009) I took it upon myself to educate myself, realizing that change starts with me. (TCO 5, 6, 7 amp; 8) As I sit here and work my way backwards through life’s challenging faces, I have to also include if it had not been for those indifferences I would not have persuade change within my own life. My life at home became more and more challenging and I struggled to gain perspective of whom I had allowed others to mold me into. I became very defiant in the marriage and my husband at the time was very intolerant towards differences in change of what he was taught were gender roles that were set in stone. He became abusive and harsh towards my learning and educating me. Making it impossible to create a role model whom would teach my son that mind sets are breakable and it is better to challenge them if one feels they are unjust and used to hold one down. I learned I had to go around rather than through for the time being and found Educational programs that would aid me in making this possible. I played along with his genderShow MoreRelatedSociology Of The Life Course Essay1826 Wo rds   |  8 PagesHunter McCullough Sociology of the Life Course April 18, 2016 â€Å"Ageism† is a concept that has been around for a very long time. According to a philosopher named Seneca, who lived sometime between 4 BC through 65 AD, â€Å"Senectus morbidus est† which has been translated to say, â€Å"old age is a disease.† However, when Seneca said this the idea of categorizing this behavior as â€Å"ageism† was not thought of yet. This behavior did not get its name till 1969, after Robert N. Butler coined the term, â€Å"ageism.†Read MoreA Day in the Life Sociology2515 Words   |  11 PagesAlix Grimm A Day in the Life I wake up at 4:45 am in the morning to fix my fiancà ©, Josh, breakfast and pack his lunch. He allows me to stay at home with our kids and not work so I can complete school so I do what I can to help provide for him. This role is important because he is our provider so in return I provide for him. This demonstrates a functionalist society. A functionalist society is one that demonstrates everyone plays a part in order to function. As I am cooking breakfastRead MoreSociology in Everyday Life Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesSociology in Every Life One central and important study of sociology is the study of everyday social life. Everyday life and sociology are definitely two distinct terms and situations, but they hold a close relationship. While sociology studies human interaction, everyday life consists of everyday human interaction. Everyday life is filled by human beings interacting with one another, institutions, ideas, and emotions. Sociology studies the interactions with all of these and shows how mere interactionRead MoreUrban Life And Contemporary Urban Sociology1493 Words   |  6 Pageshave a better lifestyle, were topics clearly depicted in the writings of Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies, Georg Simmel, Jane Jacobs, Robert Putnam, Barry Wellman, and Barry Leighton. All these authors made great contributions to the study of urban life and contemporary urban sociology. Tà ¶nnies’s, Simmel’s, Jacobs’s, Putnam’s, Wellman’s, and Leighton’s writings mainly illustrate the dramatic changes t hat the world faced as a result of the transition from traditional society to a modern, industrial and urban societyRead MoreTheories of Sociology: A Bugs Life Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie â€Å"A Bug’s Life† shares the story of a colony of ants that are trapped in a vicious cycle of gathering food for the powerful grasshoppers year after year. The ants become wary of collecting food and soon realize a revolution is needed to free themselves from the grip of the grasshoppers. Throughout â€Å"A Bug’s Life†, a critical analysis of character interaction contributes to a greater understanding of the functionalist theory, conflict theory, and Marxism and how these sociological principlesRead MoreSport Sociology : Sports As A Part Of Cultural And Social Life1577 Words   |  7 PagesSociological Journal Article Literature Review Sport sociology examines sports as a part of cultural and social life, and adds a different dimension and perspective to the study of sport and exercise. More specifically, sport sociology examines the relationship between sports and society and seeks answers to many issues and questions regarding sport and culture. Sociology of sport poses critical and controversial issues; additionally, sports are considered a microcosm of society, the same socialRead MoreA Bug s Life, Sociology, Race, Social Stratification, Relationships1708 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper explains how the movie A Bug’s Life used sociological concepts to explain the challenges faced in an animated society of ants. They were overwhelmed with fear from the grasshoppers who constantly reminded them of their inferior class. Coming together and building relationships with one another was their only way out of their own demise. Stopping the grasshoppers from continuously using their race as a way to place them a ll within a low-class category. Despite their manipulative ways andRead MoreBriefly Outline the Distinctive Features of the Sociological Approach to Understanding Human Life and the Illustrate How You Would Use Sociology to Make Sense of Globalisation.1554 Words   |  7 PagesSociology is the systematic, sceptical and critical study of the way that people do things together .It’s not a science that simply lists facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness, a way of thinking, a critical way of seeing the world. It welcomes you to challenge the obvious, to question the world as it is taken for granted and to de-familiarising the familiar. This is what empowers critical thinking which triggers the development of the understanding of the humanRead MoreSociology Is The Scientific Study Of Society And Human Behavior895 Words   |  4 Pagesto the Marriam Webster dictionary, the simple definition of sociology is â€Å"the study of society, social institution, and social relationships. Based on the textbook, â€Å"sociology is the scientific study of society and human behavior† (G-6). Through the two definitions, one can deduce that the study of Sociology is a discipline that explains and analysis the human culture in terms of their social relationships and social institutions. Sociology is a study that explains the social world which human beingsRead MoreSociology : Social Relationship, Development And Function Of Human Society986 Words   |  4 PagesSociology is the study of social relationship, development and function of human society. Throughout the course of sociology you can lean many things about your society and even your self. Sociology will change the way you look at life and might be able to reflect on future designs or ideas. When enrolling in sociology you will be able to have a set of skills to see sociology, have the knowledge of sociology, and have values of sociology. By having skills, knowledge, an d values you will be able understand

Japanese Martial Arts Essay Example For Students

Japanese Martial Arts Essay The Martial Arts of JapanThe martial arts have influenced Japan in many ways. Many of these arts have been passed down from ancient times and are still even practiced today. In my report, I will examine the major Japanese arts and tell how they have influenced Japan. First, however, I will give a little background for these arts. The original word for Japanese martial arts was bujutsu, or art of the military. This had more to do with physical techniques than philosophical and mental. The physical, mental and philosophical techniques were combined to create budo, or way of the military. Budo was also used to describe the code of the samurai in feudal days. Karate is actually a Japanese word meaning empty hand.(Nakayama 80) This applies that no weapons other than the hands are needed to attack or defend. Karate is categorized into four parts physical conditioning, self-defense, mental conditioning, and sport. A typical Karate tournament would include demonstrations of breaking, weapon s use, self-defense techniques, tradition and open forms and the most exciting competition, sparring. Nobody is quite sure when Karate was created, but we do know that an Indian priest, Daruma, a brilliant doctor, Hua To, and a popular general of the Sung Dynasty, Yuen Fei, are considered its forefathers. We also know that it was developed in Okinawan islands from Chinese techniques and local innovations as a system of self-defense. In the 1920s, Gichin Funakoshi, an Okinawan schoolteacher taught a method of karate to Japan which caught on. Figure 1 Sumo Warrior seen meditating before a battleSumo in its early days tended to be violent with no holds barred. During the reign of Emperor Saga (r. 809-23) the practice of sumo was encouraged as a martial art and rules were established and techniques cultivated. It is impossible to determine whether the art of sumo is a completely native sport or whether similar forms of grappling from other parts of Asia and Eurasia influenced it. Grappling is a rather basic, instinctive sport practiced mostly by men. In fact, the first grappling match e ver described went as so, lowly mortals grappled for quite a while until one finally rendered some devastating kicks to the others stomach and solar plexus. The one who was kicked was mortally wounded, and the victor went cheered.'(Newton 103)The earliest written mention of sumo is found in the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters), a book from the year 712. According to the book, about 2,500 years ago, the gods Takemikazuchi and Takeminakata grappled along the Japan Sea coast in what is now Shimane-ken, until the latter finally lost. Takemikazuchi, who is said to have established the imperial family from which emperors could trace their roots, gave control of the archipelago to the Japanese people. The Japanese did not keep any written records until the 8th century. This means it is impossible to know, aside from the legend, exactly when the art of sumo first developed in Japan. However, ancient wall paintings indicate the origin is very old. Jujitsu is a 3,000-year-old martial art. It originated from a blending of native sumo and fighting techniques in Japan with the soft aspects of Kung Fu from China. Jujitsu incorporates empty hand defense and offense as well as bone setting and healing techniques for use by the instructor to fix any injuries occurring during training. It is also the predecessor of Aikido and Judo. One popular style of jujitsu is Danzan Ryu (the Cedar Mountain System.) Seishiro Okazaki founded Danzan Ryu Jujitsu. He got tuberculosis and sought to build his strength in martial arts. Affecting a cure due to the 6 days per week workout, massage and healing by his sensei, he dedicated his life to study of Budo ; healing. Another style of jujitsu is ninjitsu. Ninjitsu is the art of invisibility. Along with its jujitsu background, it can also be traced back to Chinese spying techniques. Ninjas were used in the sixth century to gain information about the enemy and sabotage his operations. However, we now call ninjas anybody who practices this art. Ninjas can be both male and female, but must possess three abilities. They must be a hunter, a wizard and a warrior. As with many Eastern martial arts, there is an emphasis on meditation in order to cultivate the mind and body. Ninjas place as much importance on spiritual and mental aspects of their art as on the physical. Aikido was develop ed from Jujitsu. It is said to be founded from Prince Teijun, the sixth son of Emperor Seiwa. From here, many generations later, in 1868, Sokaku Takeda began teaching the art to people outside the family. Takedas most outstanding pupil was Morihei Ueshiba. Ueshiba added his own techniques from other arts and became a teacher of Aikido. World War II spread Aikido greatly as soldiers were taught techniques and brought them back to their own countries. Figure 2 Fourth position Shino-nage (Four Directions throw)Aikido owes its development to teachers and practitioners who risked their lives developing new techniques. One major principle of Aikido is that strength consists of a straight but flexible mind and a body tempered by hard practice. Through aikido, one can become perfectly attuned to his opponent. One can sense his intentions and turn his movements to ones own advantage.(Bennett 56)Judo is translated as the gentle way. It can be described as a fun sport, an art, a discipline, a recreational or social activity, a fitness program, a means of self-defense or combat, or a way of life. Judo is best known for its spectacular throwing techniques but also involves considerable grappling on the ground utilizing specialized pins, control holds, arm locks, and Judo choking techniques. Figure 3 Smaller opponent seen using a Judothrow and subduing his larger foeJudo develops self-discipline and respect for oneself and others. It provides the means for learning self-confidence, concentration, and leadership skills, as well as physical coordination, power, and flexibility developing complete body control, fine balance, and fast reflexive action. Training gives a person an effective self-defense system if the need arises. Skill, technique and timing, rather than the use of brute strength, are the essential ingredients for success in Judo. Judo was founded from feudal Japan in 1882 from art of jujitsu. It was introduced to the Olympic Games in 1964. There are separate we ight divisions for men and women and boys and girls. Kendo can be described as Japanese fencing. The goal of Kendo is to develop ones character, i.e. self-confidence, courtesy, and respect for others. Kendo is demanding both physically and mentally. The equipment used for Kendo is the bamboo sword (shinai) and a set of protective armor (bogu.) There are four general areas to attack, subdivided into left and right sides of the body each worth one point. An official Kendo match is a three-point match and has a five-minute time limit. The player who scores two points first is the winner. For practice, the repetitive practice of basic movements is stressed in order to acquire the ability of moving without thinking. .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .postImageUrl , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:hover , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:visited , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:active { border:0!important; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:active , .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u177263b988141847d20982d1f1d08b2c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Debate Over Multicultural Education In America Essay Research PaperJapanese arts encourage a higher awareness of mind, body and spirit. This brings about ones consciousness of their environment. It can also give one a stronger sense of concentration. The arts started as simple methods of attack and defense used in serious combat that consisted of primitive hand-to-hand and stick fighting techniques. At times, a small and comparatively weak man would overcome a bigger opponent; and when the reason for his victory was appreciated, a new method would be created. Over the years, these techniques were refined and developed and still stand today. BibliographyAnonymous. How to Become a Ninja : Secrets from Ashida Kims Training Camp. Citadel Publications, 1995Bennett, Gary. Aikido : Techniques ; Tactics (Martial Arts Series). Human Kinetics, 1997Draeger, Donn F. Classical Budo : The Martial Arts ; Ways of Japan. Weatherhill, 1996Nakayama, Masatoshi. Best Karate : Bassai, Kanku. Kodansha, 1980Newton, Clyde ; Toff, Gerald C. Dynamic Sumo. Kodansha, 1995Shihan, Craig. Teacher of Judo and Budo. Stevens, John. Abundant Peace : The Biography of Morihei Ueshiba, Founder of Aikido. Shambhala Publications, 1987

Mary Kay free essay sample

The VIP automobile program is our problem child. The cost of all three automobile incentive programs is eating our lunch. These words were spoken in the summer of 1989 by Dick Bartlett, president and chief operating officer of Mary Kay Cosmetics. tC In 1984, the company had introduced the VIP (Very Important Performer) car program to motivate its top-performing, nondirector beauty consultants (i. . , independent saleswomen). The program, which originally awarded the use of compact size Oldsmobile Firenzas to eligible beauty consultants, was modeled after the company’s acclaimed pink Cadillac program, introduced in 1969, for which only director-level consultants were eligible. The pink Buick program, Mary Kay’s third program, was also reserved for sales directors, but was based on less difficult performance criteria than the Cadillac program. Under all three car programs, Mary Kay awarded the use of a new car to eligible beauty consultants who sustained the required sales and recruiting levels for the designated number of months. We will write a custom essay sample on Mary Kay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Winners maintained the use of their cars for two years as long as they continued to meet the required sales volumes on a monthly basis. The company bore all the costs associated with leasing the new General Motors cars from ARI Leasing, insuring the cars, and then selling the used ones as consultants returned them. No The car programs had proven to be very effective motivators, helping company sales through a period of market stagnancy in the mid1980s. Over time, however, the cost of running the programs had escalated substantially. The cost of the VIP program in particular had skyrocketed in the late 1980s, with the number of leased cars approaching 3,000 in early 1989. In addition, there were approximately 1,000 Cadillacs and 1,000 Buicks in force in 1989. The number of car winners as a percentage of the total number of beauty consultants had doubled from 1. 5% in 1986 to 2. 5% by yearend 1988. Do Mary Kay’s management now faced the difficult challenge of containing further program cost increases without upsetting the powerful incentive system that was the firm’s primary source of growth and success. In addition to reducing total car program costs (especially VIP costs) as a percentage of sales, management was interested in redirecting the dollars behind other elements of its incen tive compensation plan for greater cost effectiveness. Also, management wanted to provide reward and recognition for a range of performance levels that was broad enough to meet the varying career interests of current and prospective beauty consultants. Hilary Weston prepared this case under the supervision of Professor Robert Simons as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  © 1990 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. bsp. harvard. edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Mary Kay Cosmetics: Sales Force Incentives (A) Company Background op yo rP os 190-103 Mary Kay Cosmetics Inc. was an international manufacturer and distributor of premium skin care, hair care, and body care products. Mary Kay products were not available through retail stores. In 1988, its products were sold throughout the United States exclusively by a network of over 175,000 independent (self-employed) women who ranged in status from beauty consultants to national sales directors. (Mary Kay also sold internationally in seven countries. ) This sales force met directly with customers in their homes and offices to demonstrate and sell Mary Kay products. The firm’s 1,436 company employees worked out of its Dallas headquarters and manufacturing facility and its five regional distribution centers. In 1988, the company’s 25th anniversary, Mary Kay Cosmetics achieved record sales of $406 million, up 26% from $326 million in 1987. The original mission of company founder Mary Kay Ash had been to be a â€Å"teachingoriented† organization that provided women with exceptional opportunities for professional achievement, economic success, recognition, personal development, and independence. The organization had remained true o this goal, but had expanded its mission during the 1980s to include greater emphasis on consumer needs, product innovation, and quality. As revised in 1987, the Mary Kay Mission was â€Å"To achieve preeminence in the manufacturing, distribution and marketing of personal care products by providing personalized service, value, convenience and innovative solutions to consumer needs through our independ ent sales force. † Company Philosophy The â€Å"Consultant’s Guide† book provided to new beauty consultants stated the firm’s philosophy as follows: tC From the beginning, the Company has grown based upon the same philosophy: every person associated with the Company, from Chairman Emeritus to the newest recruit, lives by the Golden Rule, â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you† and the priorities of God first, family second, and career third. In describing the company’s commitment to the independent sales force, Chairman Rogers asserted, â€Å"Every aspect of the Mary Kay system is aimed at promoting a successful career for the beauty consultants. It’s through her succeeding that we all succeed. . . We’re committed to total customer satisfaction; and to the customer, a beauty consultant is Mary Kay. † No A director of sales development explained the relationship between the company and its sales force: There are five things that all consultants seek. We refer to them as STORM: Satisfaction with a task well done (self-worth); Teamwork (a sense of belonging); Opportunity (to succeed); Recognition; and Money. These five needs are being met through various aspects of our business. Do Company Ownership and Structure In 1984, after several years of extraordinary growth, a decline of 14% in sales and 8% in earnings had triggered a sharp drop in the corporation’s share price. In December 1985, in response to both the depressed share price and to their own desire to manage for the long term rather than for quarterly earnings, Chairman Mary Kay and her son, Richard Rogers (president and CEO at the time), led a management leveraged buyout for a price of approximately $315 million. Mary Kay and Richard also wished to avoid the impact that public financial reporting could have on sales force 2 This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Mary Kay Cosmetics: Sales Force Incentives (A) 190-103 op yo rP os t attitudes during a sales and stock price decline. Negative attitudes could easily trigger further sales and recruiting declines. Two years later, in November 1987, Mary Kay assumed the title of chairman emeritus and Rogers, 44, became chairman (retaining his title as CEO). Dick Bartlett, former executive vice president of Marketing, was named president and chief operating officer (COO). Mary Kay management prided itself on its lean internal staff. President Bartlett placed himself at the bottom of the organization, surrounded by staff support functions. Above him were the four operating divisions—Marketing, Sales, RD/Manufacturing, and Distribution—which â€Å"served† the sales force. Bartlett placed Mary Kay’s customer base of 15 to 20 million households at the top of the organizational structure. Exhibit 1 depicts the internal organizational structure and Exhibit 2 shows the hierarchical structure of the sales force as well as the profile of a typical beauty consultant. ) Bartlett explained the role of his internal organization and how it operated: Our goal is to support the independent sales force of 175,000 beauty consultants, because our sales force is our lifeblood. Our job in supporting the consultants involves a cont inual effort to update and improve the quality and selection of our products and to refine our facilities and procedures. We also have to anticipate and respond to the consultants’ needs. This all requires creativity and flexibility. tC One of my first challenges as president was to break down departmental fiefdoms. I instituted three types of meetings that bring together managers from different departments. The weekly Sales and Marketing meetings are religiously attended by top management. I never miss those meetings. They’re where the hot topics are raised and discussed. We’ve also created what we call â€Å"CATS†Ã¢â‚¬â€Creative Action Teams. These cross-functional temporary task forces are formed on an ad hoc basis whenever any employees identify a specific problem or opportunity which they think they can take on, especially those affecting quality improvement. The purpose of the CATS is to nurture creativity and keep the organization flexible. We track the progress of all CAT projects at our weekly meetings, and employees are usually recognized for successful completion. The main personal link between the company and the sales force was the group of six regional sales development directors. One of them described his role: Do No The job of the six of us is to bridge the gap between the growing sales organization and the company. We picture ourselves as their voice internally. Each of us covers a geographic region containing 700 to 800 sales directors and 30,000 to 40,000 beauty consultants. We wear a lot of hats—information conduit, administrator, motivator, personal and financial advisor, and so on. Also, there’s an expectation on the part of each consultant that their own personal considerations will be taken into account. Let’s say a woman works all year and misses a director’s goal by $18, we’d destroy her if we didn’t give her a break. We need to be flexible, so we make those kinds of calls. Sales Force Support In addition to personal contact with the field, Mary Kay Cosmetics employed an elaborate set of tools and programs designed to motivate, recognize, and develop its beauty consultants: Communications The company produced a constant flow of written material for the sales force, including a monthly magazine, weekly newsletters, training manuals, and product brochures. It also 3 This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 190-103 Mary Kay Cosmetics: Sales Force Incentives (A) op yo rP os t provided video and audiocassettes (for recruiting, training, and motivating), promotional sales aids, and a telephone hot line for advice and answers. Mary Kay also regularly solicited feedback from consultants and customers by conducting surveys and focus groups. The company used this information to improve existing products and packaging and to develop new products and selling tactics. Events Mary Kay sponsored a variety of contests, conferences, and other events for the consultants, which combined all three elements mentioned above—motivation, recognition, and education. The biggest event was the annual seminar, which in 1988 was attended by 25,000 consultants. (The three-day event was divided into four back-to-back identical sessions because of its sheer size. The seminar was open to all consultants and directors; however, registrants paid their own way to attend and participate in the festivities and training sessions. The climax was a gala awards night in which consultants of all levels were honored and rewarded for their achievements before an applauding crowd of thousands. Rewards ranged from ribbons, jewelry, furs, and luxury trips to the crowning of â€Å"queens. † Sale force activities Ongoing support within the beauty consultant networks was another important ingredient in the Mary Kay formula for direct selling. Despite the high level of company support, the vast majority of a consultant’s interaction was with her unit director and the other 30 to 150 consultants in her unit, and not directly with Mary Kay management, which had no formal control over the sales force. 1 tC Because Mary Kay Ash believed that people could be â€Å"praised to success,† the company fostered a sale force culture based on positive reinforcement and recognition. This was achieved through several means. First, the company did no sales force recruiting; the independent consultants personally chose heir own new recruits. This personalized approach increased the likelihood of successful director-consultant relationships. Also, the company provided guidelines to assist the independent sales force in motivating and training its members. For example, the companysuggested Monday unit meetings were the primary forum for the sharing of product information, selling tips, and success stories, as well as group praise. These weekly unit meetings not only served as a support group and training class, but also created peer pressure to succeed. In â€Å"Memo,† the company’s weekly newsletter to directors, and in the Director’s Guide, the company provided directors with many kinds of creative tips and tools for training and developing their units and conducting effective meetings. Do No Recognition and prizes The majority of beauty consultants did not attend the annual seminar or receive cars and other large prizes. All active consultants, however, were motivated to increase their sales and recruiting by a constantly available array of prizes and recognition for incremental progress. Company-sponsored gifts and prizes were offered for achieving sales and recruiting goals and winners’ names were listed in Applause, Mary Kay’s monthly magazine for consultants. In addition, directors, at their own expense and discretion, rewarded their unit members for achieving various milestones. The gifts and prizes handed out by directors to beauty consultants usually took the form of jewelry and other accessories, often with the Mary Kay logo on them, and were usually awarded in front of a group. (Exhibit 3 lists a representative sampling of the type and cost of directors’ gifts to unit members. For example, upon signing up her first recruit, each consultant received a string of imitation pearls and congratulatory applause at her unit’s weekly meeting. At each step in her Mary Kay career, a consultant received additional recognition and status symbols, including â€Å"ladder† pins with varying numbers and types of gems, which indicated her level of 1The signed agreement between an independent beauty consultant and the company stipulated certain basic guidelines that the consultant was required to follow, such as her legal responsibility to represent the company and its products honestly and accurately. Mary Kay Cosmetics, however, had virtually no management control over the independent contractor sales force. 4 This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Mary Kay Cosmetics: Sales Force Incentives (A) 190-103 op yo rP os t achievement. (See Exhibit 4 for the hierarchy of nonfinancial sales force incentives. Senior Vice President of Sales Bart Bartolacci described the role of recognition as an incentive: As Mary Kay herself would say, â€Å"A $5 ribbon plus $20 worth of recognition is worth more than a $25 prize. † In other words, give them a check, but give it to them on stage. Then they will really respond. I would never take away the recognition element. It would be like putting my head on a chopping block. Some of the women really don’t need the money at all, but the recognition is addictive. In fact, the top people in our sales organization motivate their units through recognition, not expensive prizes. Financial incentives The financial incentives, however, were also considered an indispensable ingredient in the firm’s direct selling strategy. According to management, the power and appeal of Mary Kay’s incentive system were rooted in the carefully designed combination of compensation, advancement opportunity, prize incentives, and recognition. According to the Mary Kay Marketing Plan (i. e. , the incentive compensation and advancement plan), a consultant’s income was determined by a very clear and objective method, based on her selling and recruiting activity. No organizational constraints limited the pace at which a consultant could advance her status and increase her income. In 1988, the highest paid sales director earned over $400,000 and roughly 90 others had six-figure incomes. The company, via its beauty consultants, aggressively advertised the Marketing Plan’s objectivity and unlimited earning potential to attract new recruits. The specific components of the plan were based on the following premise, as explained by Sales Group Executive Vice President Barbara Beasley: tC There are three things we want beauty consultants to do: order products, sell products to customers, and recruit new consultants. Recruiting is really the big source of growth because sales per consultant can rise only so much. That puts a limit on both company growth and consultants’ earning potential. Moreover, because approximately 70% of consultants drop out each year, we need new recruits just to maintain sales. We currently recruit about 10,000 consultants per month and lose 7,000 per month. I know that turnover rate sounds high. But, in fact, our rate is the lowest in the direct-selling industry, and lower than most retailers’ sales staff turnover. No But a good director must sell as well as recruit. Her best source of new recruits is her customer base. Also, her role as leader, teacher, and motivator involves setting an example for her unit members. We also need the sales directors to stay on top of customers’ needs and their reactions to new products because the directors are our strongest tie to the marketplace. Do Although all consultants fell into one of two general categories, nondirectors and directors, there were multiple titles within each group. The financial success of the more senior consultants and of directors depended heavily on their ability to recruit new consultants and on the ongoing performance of their recruits. Exhibit 5 summarizes the compensation for all levels as described below. An entry-level beauty consultant’s income was the difference between the retail value of the products she sold and the wholesale price (usually 50% of suggested retail) at which she bought 5 This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 190-103 Mary Kay Cosmetics: Sales Force Incentives (A) op yo rP os t products from Mary Kay. A nondirector consultant also received a 4% to 12% commission2 on the sales of all her personal recruits. Once she had at least five recruits, her title became Team Leader and she could try to qualify for the use of a VIP car. In order to win the use of a VIP car (a red Pontiac Grand Am) and keep it for the entire awarded period of 24 months, a consultant had to reach and maintain three types of targets over that period: (1) team monthly production volume (i. e. wholesale value of all her recruits’ orders); (2) personal monthly wholesale production; and (3) number of active recruits. Each VIP consultant was given a fixed â€Å"allowance† she could draw on to make up for shortages in particular months, so that she would not have to relinquish her car because of one or two bad months. The allowance could be increased (and thereby â €Å"banked†) by performance above the minimum requirements in any given month. Once a consultant became a sales director (the qualifications were again tied to personal and team production and number of recruits), several additional avenues of income opened up to her. In addition to receiving an 8% to 12% commission on her personal recruits’ wholesale orders, she received a 9% to 13% commission on the production of the entire unit she directed, which included her recruits’ recruits. In addition, she received a sliding-scale monthly bonus of $400 to $2,500 if her unit’s total monthly production exceeded $4,000. Thus, if a director’s unit achieved the $4,000 threshold, the compensation system rewarded her doubly for the unit’s performance. Finally, a director also received a $100 to $400 bonus for each month in which her unit of consultants recruited at least three new active consultants. As soon as one of a director’s unit members became a director herself, the former became a senior sales director. In addition to the sources of director compensation, senior directors also received a 4% commission on the monthly production of all their â€Å"offspring† units. If they had eight or more offspring units, the commission increased to 5%. tC A national sales director—the highest position in the Mary Kay independent sales force—did not directly work with nondirector beauty consultants. Her compensation was based on the wholesale production of both her first-line and second-line offspring units. She received a commission of 5% to 8% and 2%, respectively, for the two tiers of units. History of the VIP Car Program No Between 1983 and 1989, Mary Kay’s car programs increased from a base of 1,100 cars on the road to over 5,000 cars. Most of this increase was due to the VIP program, which was introduced in 1984. By mid-1989, VIP cars in force numbered 3,000. The number of VIP car winners had grown rapidly despite increases in program qualification requirements in 1986, 1988, and 1989. Increased VIP participation was accompanied by several external cost trends: The costs to Mary Kay of leasing the cars had increased with interest rates. Automobile insurance premiums had escalated faster than both inflation and prices of Mary Kay products. Do †¢ †¢ General Motors discontinued the Oldsmobile Firenza, reducing the resale value of the one- and two-year-old cars. 2Commissions were based on wholesale orders and the percentage level depended on the number of recruits a consultant had. 6 This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Mary Kay Cosmetics: Sales Force Incentives (A) 190-103 The Current Challenge op yo rP os t All of these trends had contributed in driving up the cost of the VIP program. The cost increase was further magnified by the decline in car â€Å"tenure†: an increasing proportion of the consultants who had qualified for VIP cars were unable to maintain the required sales and recruiting levels for the 24month period. As a result, Mary Kay often was forced to reclaim cars that were substantially less than two years old. The newer a car when Mary Kay reclaimed it from a consultant, the greater the disparity between the car’s unamortized book value and the (much lower) resale price that Mary Kay received for it. In short, the company absorbed larger losses on cars that were in service for shorter periods of time. Mary Kay’s top management was seeking a broad solution to the rising costs—and corresponding diminishing returns—of its incentive plan, the VIP car program in particular. According to Richard Wiser, vice president of Financial Planning and Analysis: Over the last several years, we’ve watched the cost of the car programs and of commissions creep up relative to sales. [See Exhibits 6 and 7. ] Car expenses in particular have really jumped up since 1985. In the past, we’ve always gone for incremental cost savings. We took a egative approach: we simply raised the program qualification requirements when we wanted to reduce the cost of the program. Now, we want to be more creative. We have Finance, Marketing, and Sales all working together to identify innovations that would save money for us but, at the same time, keep the sales force morale up and boost the effectiveness of the incentives. tC We haven’t been getting a bang for our buck from all VIP consultants. Unless they are trying to qualify for directorship, many feel no motivation to increase their sales and recruiting efforts above the level needed to maintain the use of their cars. We’re not tapping their full potential because we’re not rewarding them for achieving it. President Dick Bartlett continued: No Richard is right. In fact, those VIP consultants who really do want additional income and recognition may rush into directorship prematurely. They may qualify before they have a large, strong team base and sufficient experience. That’s bad for everyone. The consultant must fight a frustrating uphill battle to retain her director status. And from our perspective, her unit’s size and performance may deteriorate. A weak director hurts unit morale and development. The problem trickles down: when a weak or negligent consultant loses a customer, it’s a lost sale for Mary Kay. Customers can’t buy our products in retail stores and the customer is not likely to seek out another consultant. Do Bartlett and his management team summarized the objectives of the Marketing Plan modifications they sought: †¢ To improve profit margins by reducing overall beauty consultant compensation (particularly the costs associated with the car programs) as a percent of sales—a ratio that had been escalating yearly. †¢ To enhance the beauty consultants’ career path with more distinct milestones and forms of reward. Bartlett was particularly concerned about two issues that had adversely affected many top-performing VIPs: 7 This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. 190-103 Mary Kay Cosmetics: Sales Force Incentives (A) op yo rP os t 1. Many had worked extra hard to achieve director status but were ill-prepared for the extra demands of continuing director-level performance. . Many had stagnated at a â€Å"maintenance† sales level simply to retain their VIP cars. †¢ To make cost reductions elsewhere in the Marketing Plan while preserving sales force morale and motivation. †¢ To minimize the cost to the firm of maintaining low-performing consultants, i. e. , those with very few recruits and no indication of ambitious growth goals. At the conclusion of their interview with the casewriters, the managers reemphasized the extreme sensitivity of beauty consultants’ actions to changes in the Marketing Plan. They cited an example: in 1984, an announced increase in VIP qualification criteria resulted in an enormous â€Å"rush† for VIP status before the effective date of the program change. As a result, the number of VIP car winners temporarily increased dramatically, rather than tapering off as intended. (Refer to Exhibit 6. ) Moreover, many of those consultants who had rushed to obtain cars had relatively low tenure with Mary Kay. So, they did not have the experience and team strength to maintain their VIP status. As a result, they had to forfeit their cars prematurely, which was demoralizing for them and costly for the firm. Do No tC In general, any change in the Marketing Plan that was not well-received by the sales force of over 175,000 beauty consultants could be disastrous to the company: not only would sales drop off in the near term, but the sales force attrition rate could increase and the recruiting rate decrease over the long term. Aware of this danger, management had scheduled the first â€Å"Mary Kay Summit Meeting† and invited all national sales directors (the top of the independent sales organization) to be involved in designing changes in the Marketing Plan. Management wanted to bring to the Summit Meeting their own draft plan as a starting point for discussions with the national sales directors. 8 This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Mary Kay Cosmetics: Sales Force Incentives (A) op yo rP os t Mary Kay Organizational Structure Do No tC Exhibit 1 190-103 9 This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Mary Kay Cosmetics: Sales Force Incentives (A) Exhibit 2 op yo rP os t 190-103 National Sales Directors (60+)a Average Income: $160,000 Executive Senior Directors and Senior Directors (1,700) Average Income: $44,000 Directors and Star Directors (3,000+) Average Income: $23,000 Team Leaders (including VIPs and Directors-in-Qualification) (3,300) Average Income: $9,200 Star Recruiters, Star Consultants, and All Other Active Consultants (gt;175,000) Average Income: $1,900 PROFILE OF A TYPICAL BEAUTY CONSULTANT b †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 24 to 54 years old arried with children holds another job has some college education †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ lives outside a major urban area spends approximately 8 hours per week on Mary Kay work earns less than $5,000/year through May Kay work holds $2,500 to $3,000 worth of inventory (at suggested retail value) in her home Do No tC aNumbers in parentheses represent headcounts bBased on entire sales force. Directors and above, however, do Mary Kay work full-time. This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] arvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Mary Kay Cosmetics: Sales Force Incentives (A) Director Prizes for Unit Membersa (representative sampling) Item op yo rP os t Exhibit 3 190-103 Cost to Director Ordered Through Mary Kay Director Supply Department: Business card case Checkbook cover Ask Me About Mary Kay luggage tag Mary Kay pencils (pkg. of 12) 1. 25 Gold money bag 1. 50 Mauve ring binder Pearls of Sharing bracelet 3. 00 Pearls of Sharing necklace 5. 00 Mary Kay pens (pkg. of 25) 5. 00 Glamour Face sweatshirt 10. 00 Ordered through independent distributors of promotional products and specialty gifts: Mink key rings Costume jewelry Picture frames Belts .75 2. 75 (all $5 to $20) Wrist watches .50 tC $. 50 Do No aThese prizes were purchased by directors at their own expense to award to eligible beauty consultants at weekly unit meetings. 11 This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. This document is authorized for use only by Hamid Akbari at University of Ontario Institute of Technology until October 2013. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. [emailprotected] harvard. edu or 617. 783. 7860. Personally recruit three or more Active Consultants Personally recruit five or more Active Consultants Maintain team production of $3,000/month, personal production of $600/month Attain a unit size of at least 30 Active Consultants and at least $14,000 wholesale unit production within a four-month, qualification period Have at least 1 off-spring director (Executive Senior Directors need 5 off-spring) Have at least 10 first-line off-spring directors, 8 of whom are senior directors Star Recruiter Team Leader VIP Sales Director Senior Director National Sales Director 190-103 -12- rP os t aThis list of awards was supplemented by a continual variety of company-sponsored and director-sponsored contests for specific time periods, as well as personal congratulatory letters from Mary Kay Ash for achievers of various milestones, and lastly, lavish awards and recognition for year-long efforts (before 7,000 people) at the annual Seminar. Contest prizes ranged from calculators and costume jewelry to furniture. Top-line Cadillac; Annual Summit Meeting; special suit; Presidents Circle Awards; Millionaire Club recognition Any commissions paid to sales directors on products repurchased by the com pany were charged back to the directors to whom they were paid based on the companys premise that commissions are earned by sales directors only on products which consul ants buy and resell to the ultimate t consumers. aCommissions are calculated and paid out on a monthly basis. Note: National Sales Directors: Senior Directors (and Executive Senior Directors): All Directors: †¢ tC No Recruiters, Star Recruiters, Team Leaders, VIPs, and all Directors: All Consultants: Compensation Receiveda Mary Kay Marketing Plan (all sources of financial compensation)

Forensic speaker identification Essays

Forensic speaker identification Essays Forensic speaker identification Essay Forensic speaker identification Essay Introduction Forensic talker designation is the application of scientific discipline to work out the jobs related to designation of the unknown talker in condemnable probe. A voice is much more than merely a twine of words. Although grounds from DNA grabs the headlines, but the fact is that DNA ca nt speak. It ca nt be recorded planning, transporting out or squealing to a crime1. The voice of a individual can be successfully used as a biometric characteristic as it is good accepted by the users and can be easy recorded utilizing mikes and hardware of low costs2. It can supply an option, more unafraid agencies of allowing entry without any demand of retrieving a watchword, lock combination etc and therefore, interrupting all limitations of accessing a secured country utilizing keys, magnetic card or any other fallible device which can be easy stolen. In the present epoch, widely available installations of telephones, Mobiles and tape recording equipments consequences in the abuse of the device and therefore, doing them an efficient tool in committee of condemnable offenses such as snatch, extortion, blackmail menaces, obscene calls, anon. calls, torment calls, ransom calls, terrorist calls, lucifer repairing etc. The felons has seen the possibility for abuse of the assorted manners of communicating of voice, believing that he will stay incognito, and therefore, cipher would acknowledge him. It is fortuitously no longer true. The voice can place him and trap the offense on him3. Speaker designation is less complicated and leads to a more definite sentiment when the expert has to cover with the normal or ideal voice acknowledgment. The job arises when the instances of cloaked voice samples, affecting both inadvertent every bit good as attempted camouflage, comes for the intent of designation. There is another facet that makes the accomplishment of this end of talker designation a spot hard i.e. the instance of about similar sounding talkers, sharing the same sex, age and idiom. Address Address is the voice signifier of human communication4. Human existences express their thoughts, ideas and feelings orally to one another through a series of complex motions that alter and mold the basic tone created by voice into specific, decodable sounds5. Speech development is a gradual procedure that requires old ages of pattern. Communication is a procedure, a series of events leting the talker to show ideas and emotions and the hearer to understand them. Speech communicating begins as idea that is transformed into linguistic communication for expression6. : Speech signal is a multidimensional acoustic wave7 ( as shown in fig 1 ) , which conveys the information about the words or message being spoken, individuality of the talker, linguistic communication spoken, the presence and type of address pathologies, the physical and emotional province of the talker. The individual s address besides contains the characteristics that may uncover their geographical beginning, ethnicity or race, age, sex, instruction degree and spiritual orientation and background8, 9, 10. Often, worlds are able to pull out the individuality information when the address comes from a talker they are acquainted with. Address is a compelling biometric for several good known grounds and peculiarly because it is the lone 1 available mode in a big set of situations11 SPEECH MECHANISM AND ITS UNIQUENESS The mechanism of address is a really complex one and to set about analysis of any linguistic communication it is of import to understand the procedures that go to do up the message that a talker transmits and a hearer receives12. For production of any sound, there must be some perturbation in the air. Such perturbation in the address sound is provided by motion of certain variety meats of organic structure such as musculuss of thorax, vocal cords, lingua, lips etc. This perturbation in the signifier of sound moving ridges travels to the ear of the hearer, who interprets the moving ridge as sound. By the procedure of inspiration the air from the environment is drawn into the lungs, stored in the lungs for a short period of clip and eventually expelled from the lungs under force per unit area by the procedure of halitus. During halitus, air under force per unit area is sent from the lungs to the voice box. The map of the voice box, peculiarly that portion known as the vocal creases, is to put the molecules of this breath watercourse into vibration13 ( as shown in fig 2 ) . For sound to be produced, these molecules have to vibrate at a rate that falls within a peculiar scope. The procedure by which molecules of air are set into quiver is known as voice. The quiver form of molecules produced by voice is complex. It contains a broad scope of frequences and has a buzzing sound. This bombilation is moulded into address sounds by vocal piece of land. The vocal piece of land consists of the throat ( pharynx ) , unwritten pit and rhinal pit. The constellation, or form, of the vocal piece of land at a peculiar minute determines what address sound will be produced. The constellation of the vocal piece of land can be changed by motion of several constructions within it specifically, the lingua, lips, lower jaw and soft palate14. Representation of address mechanism For identical voice, the two persons should hold the indistinguishable vocal mechanism and indistinguishable coordination of their articulators, which is least likely. Hence the human voice is alone personal trait. SPEAKER RECOGNITION Speaker acknowledgment may be defined as any activity in which a address sample is attributed to a individual on the footing of its acoustic or perceptual properties15.The information content of a spoken vocalization are talker features, spoken phrase, emotions, extra noise, channel transmutations etc16.It can be divided into Speaker Identification and Speaker Verification. Speaker designation determines which registered talker provides a given vocalization from amongst a set of known talkers. The unknown talker is identified as the talker hose theoretical account best matches the input vocalization. Speaker confirmation accepts or rejects the individuality claim of a talker is the talker the individual they say they are17, 18, 19? In talker acknowledgment, you do nt do the designation by analyzing the linguistic communication used, by retrieving what the talker looks like or by any other agencies. This is sometimes used when a individual is non rather certain whether the procedure is that of confirmation or identification20. In a strategy for the mechanical acknowledgment of the talkers, it is desirable to utilize acoustic parametric quantities that are closely related to voice features that distinguish talkers. It involves choice of such parametric quantities which are which are motivated by known dealingss between the voice signal and vocal-tract forms and gestures21. In talker acknowledgment we differ between low-level and high-ranking information. High level-information is values like a idiom, an speech pattern, the speaking manner, the capable mode of context, phonetics, prosodic and lexical information22. These characteristics are presently merely recognized and analyzed by worlds. The Low-level characteristics are denoted by the information like cardinal frequence ( F0 ) , formant frequence, pitch, strength, beat, tone, spectral magnitude and bandwidths of an person s voice23. An ideal characteristic would: Have lower intraspeaker variableness and high interspeaker variableness Be robust against noise and deformation Occurs often and of course in address Be easy to mensurate from speech signal Difficult to mime Not be affected by talker s wellness or long term fluctuations in voice There are different ways to categorise the characteristics. From the point of view of their physical reading, we can split them into24: Short-run spectral characteristics -These characteristics, as the name suggests, are computed from the short frames of approximately 20 to 30 msecs in continuance. They are normally the forms of the resonance belongingss of the supralaryngeal vocal piece of land. Voice beginning characteristics -These characteristics characterize the glottal excitement signal of sonant sounds such as glottal pulse form and cardinal frequence, and it is sensible to presume that they carry speaker-specific information. Spectro-temporal characteristics -It is sensible to presume that the spectro temporal Signal inside informations such as formant passages and energy transitions contain utile speaker-specific information. Prosodic features Prosody refers to non-segmental facets of address, including syllable emphasis, modulation forms, talking rate and beat. One of import facet of inflection is that, unlike the traditional short-run spectral characteristics, it spans over long sections like syllables, words, and vocalizations and reflects differences in talking manner, linguistic communication background, sentence type and emotion of the talker. High degree characteristics -These characteristics attempt to capture conversation-level features of talkers, such as characteristic usage of words ( uh-huh , you know , oh yeah , etc. ) . Other characteristics are the idiom of any linguistic communication used in the conversation by the talker, speech pattern of the talker and the manner of speech production. DISGUISED SPEECH Any type of change, deformation or divergence from the normal address, irrespective of the cause, is defined as the address camouflage. Disguise can take many signifiers, and can be really detrimental to both ballad every bit good as to proficient talker identification25.The condemnable frequently disguises his or her voice. The consequence of the camouflage is that, the acoustic characteristics of the condemnable example, is altered to go less similar to the acoustic characteristics of the existent felon s undisguised vocalizations. There tended to be two types of research. One type was non-electronic and attempted to mensurate the ability of non-expert worlds to place other worlds who were masking their voice in a assortment of ways. The 2nd type was electronic, frequently affecting speech spectrographs, or alleged voiceprints 26. The inquiry of voice camouflage sensing appears as cardinal in forensic applications. Different sorts of attacks provide important consequences of favoritism. A complementary survey based on formant and automatic analysis could be fused to increase the acknowledgment rate27. MOTIVATION IN STUDYING DISGUISED SPEECH28 By and large, the adept faces two types of challenges while analyzing the questioned. First, cloaked voice is frequently used in the commitment of a offense where the felon has the fright of being caught. Often, it is necessary to place or verify a suspect based on the cloaked voice. Some agencies is needed to: Determine that a voice has been disguised on a voice recording, Determine the method of camouflage Perform computing machine talker designation despite the camouflage. The 2nd challenge is that the talker designation basically is incapable of accurately finding the individuality of a talker when a trial sample of his cloaked address is compared to a mention based on his normal speech production manner. To day of the month, and to the best of our cognition, the above statement remains true. One end of forensic talker acknowledgment is to set about research to change by reversal that state of affairs, at least for a big and utile subset of camouflage types. TYPES OF DISGUISE Disguised address can be of two types: Non- deliberate or inadvertent disguise- This signifier of voice camouflage involves changes that consequence from some nonvoluntary province of the person. The instances of inadvertent camouflage involve the impermanent alteration in individual s address due to alter in physical province like due to masticating, eating and illness or emotional province of individual like emphasis, choler, fright, jitteriness, sunniness, surprise, sadness etc. Research has been done for developing robust and precise automatic talker confirmation system based on these talker based fluctuation in features29. Deliberate or attempted disguise- The samples of attempted camouflage are often encountered in the instances of anon. calls, ransom calls and endangering calls where the talker makes a calculated attempt to alter their voice by altering its phonic, phonemic and prosodic characteristics, in order to conceal their individuality due to the fright of being caught. TECHNIQUES USED FOR SPEAKER RECOGNITION In this epoch of telephones, wireless and tape recording equipment communications, the human voice may frequently turn out to be valuable grounds for tie ining an person with condemnable act. The telephoned bomb menace, obscene calls or tape recorded ransom messages have become frequent plenty happenings to justify the involvement of jurisprudence enforcement functionaries in scientific techniques capable of transforming the voice into a signifier suitable for personal identification31. Speaker designation is to find who the talker of the given vocalization is. To make so it is necessary to cognize a great trade about that individual s address feature ( a rare happening ) or to be able to fit the voices of the unknown speaker to one from the group of suspects. Assorted methodological analysiss for nearing the job of talker designation have been proposed. For designation intent, different good recognized criterion techniques will be used for keeping the cogency of the work done and the pick will be as per the demand: 1 ) Listener method or Auditory analysis- The voice of a individual is as easy distinguishable by the ear, as face by the oculus. This method of talker acknowledgment by listening is the oldest amongst all. In this state of affairs a individual attempts to acknowledge a voice by its familiarity32. The extraordinary ability of worlds to acknowledge many familiar people by their voices is exceeding both in truth and adaptability33. In this method, the determination of similarity and unsimilarities is taken by human experts after hearing of address samples. One method is of perennial hearing of the available audio files by a group of experts looking for similarities in lingual, phonic and acoustic characteristics. The different vocalizations of the talkers are segregated in regard of each talker by manner of perennial hearing of recorded conversation. The unintegrated conversations of each talker are repeatedly heard to place lingual characteristics and phonic characteristics like articulation rate, flow of address, grade of vo wels and harmonic formation, beat, dramatic clip, pauses etc. The hint words are selected from both questioned and specimen samples of the talker and are so used for instrumental analysis. Human hearers are robust talker recognizers when presented with the debauched address. Listener public presentation is a map of acoustic variables such as, the signal to resound ratio, address bandwidth, the sum of speech stuff, deformations in the address signals introduced by address cryptography, transmittal systems, etc. This is owing to the fact that there are beginnings of cognition that contribute in assorted ways to speaker acknowledgment ; supplying weak, moderate and high know aparting power. Auditory talker acknowledgment has long been used and accepted in forensics as portion of the testimony of a victim or informant. Prior to the innovations of the telephone and sound recording equipments, it could be the cardinal grounds on behalf of which a suspected person could be identified or excluded from an offense committed in the dark or when a victim has been blindfolded34. However, with any human determination procedure, it is stressed that the hearer method leads to a subjec tive determination. However, this method is still used in some states for forensic talker designation. 2 ) Instrumental analysis or Spectrographic method- The spectrographic method for talker acknowledgment makes usage of an instrument that converts the address signals into a ocular show. Today voice analysis has matured into a sophisticated designation technique, utilizing the latest engineering scientific discipline has to offer. Both aural and spectrographic analyses are combined to organize the decision about the individuality of voice in question35. In 1941, an electro mechanical acoustic spectrograph was developed by Dr. Raleph Potter, Bell Telephone Laboratory, with an thought to change over sounds into pictures36. A sound spectrograph is an instrument which is able to give a lasting record of altering energy-frequency distribution throughout the clip of a address wave37, ( as shown in fig 3 and fig 4 ) . Spectrograms are ocular representations of the speech signal ; they convey information about the message by the talker every bit good as about the talker himself. In this method, the sentiment about similarities or unsimilarities between two samples will be taken on the footing of their phonic and acoustic elements such as, frequences, amplitude, plosive continuance, voiceless signals at different places etc. The sound spectrograph is more normally known as the Voiceprint analyzer. Voice forms are transformed into ocular forms on a graph that moves through an instrument at a controlled velocity, and forms drawn on the paper as it moves. By analyzing the charts, you can compare a tape of an person s normal address form with a tape of the same individual being questioned about his or her engagem ent in some type of offense or other misbehaviour38. These voiceprints may be an of import in assisting the jurisprudence enforcement bureaus in placing the felons. Much like fingerprints, voiceprint designation uses the alone characteristics in the spectrographic feelings of people s utterances39. In the classical parallel spectrograph a magnetic tape recording equipment and playback unit is used to treat the sounds into electronic signals. These signals are so sent through a variable electronic bandpass filter, which selects a frequence set that is to be analysed, before a stylus measures its energy and records the consequences on electrical sensitive paper. The paper is mounted on a membranophone, which is revolving during playback in order to plot the clip fluctuations in the signal. When the whole length of the address sample in analysed at a specific frequence set, the set of the filter and the place of the stylus are correspondingly altered. The tape is so played once more in order to analyze a new portion of the frequence spectrum. This procedure is repeated over once more until the full coveted frequence scope is analysed. In each spectrograph, the horizontal dimension is clip, the perpendicular dimension represents frequence and the darkness represents the strength on the compaction scale40.The differences in amplitude values are shown in a Grey scaling where black represents the most intense and white the least intense wave form constituents. However since 1962, it was considered as a fool- cogent evidence method of personal designation, voice designation by spectrographic analysis, the voiceprint technique has been in a legal oblivion. But the recent developments in both scientific discipline and the jurisprudence, nevertheless, indicate that despite ab initio inauspicious scientific and judicial reaction, spectrographic voice designation is possibly coming of legal age41. 3 ) Computerized approach- This is a semi automatic attack for acknowledgment of address samples which involves three phases: Feature Extraction Feature Comparison Categorization In this method the parametric quantities of the signals are extracted by agencies of spectrum analyser and acknowledgment is made by agencies of computing machine system on the footing of stored informations in regard of controlled samples of the talkers. However it is observed that the mistake rates of machines are frequently more than an order of magnitude greater than those of worlds, as machine public presentation degrades below that of worlds in noise, with channel variableness, and for self-generated speech42. 4 ) Modern technique utilizing a package: BATVOX 3.043- BATVOX 3.0 is an automatic talker acknowledgment application designed to let the biometric designation of talkers in an probe comparing voice theoretical accounts to a set of sounds added in the system. The audio files entered in BATVOX 3.0 have to carry through certain conditions: BATVOX 3.0 accepts audio files in the undermentioned format: .wav files with additive PCM cryptography, trying frequence 8 KHz, 16-bit declaration and glandular fever. Manages audio files of at least 7 seconds of net address. Manages audio files whose signal to resound ratio is more than 10dBs The trial and the preparation audio files should possess the voice of the talkers sharing the same sex, same linguistic communication and have same channel features LIMITATIONS OF SPEAKER IDENTIFICATION44 Short continuance samples should be analysed decently The dissimilar linguistic communication in questioned and specimen are hard to analyse Emotion Variability in questioned and specimen samples45 Misspoken or misread prompted phrases Ill recorded/noisy samples are hard to analyze46 Insufficient figure of comparable words Disguise in address samples poses a job in talker acknowledgment and/or the grade of camouflage is decided by the expert Extreme emotional provinces ( e.g. emphasis or duress ) 47,48 Change in physical province of the talker ( e.g. feeding, consequence of ethyl alcohol, etc ) 49 The attitude of the how the address is said by the talker Channel mismatch or mismatch in entering conditions ( e.g. utilizing different mikes for registration and confirmation ) 50 Different pronunciation velocity of the trial informations compared with the preparation informations. Illness 51,52 Aging ( the vocal piece of land can float off from theoretical accounts with age ) 53,54 ACCURACY IN SPEAKER RECOGNITION In order to acquire accurate consequences from talker acknowledgment, one must give more accent on following factors: The minimal continuance of the gathered samples should be of 60 seconds Conditionss under which the voice samples are recorded should possess less noise or the signal to resound ratio of the samples should be greater The features of the instruments used The accomplishment of the tester doing judgement Examiners knowledge about the instance Examiners knowledge about the linguistic communication in question55 Properties of the voice involved Delay in scrutiny of samples56 The linguistic communication of the questioned and controlled samples should be similar The expert should be competent plenty to cover with the instances affecting cloaked address samples. CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFICATION A hearer may acknowledge a voice even without seeing the talker. There are cues in voice and address behavior, which are single and therefore do it possible to acknowledge the familiar voices57. A individual s mental ability to command his vocal piece of land musculuss during vocalization is learned during his childhood. These wonts affect the scope of sound that may be efficaciously produced by an person. The scope of sounds is the subset of the set of possible sounds that an person could make with his or her personal vocal piece of land. It is non easy for an single to alter voluntarily these physical characteristics58. The address moving ridge is the response of the vocal piece of land filter system to one or more sound beginning. Speech moving ridge may be unambiguously specified in footings of beginning and filter characteristics59. Datas obtained from measurings of the acoustic belongingss of human voices are really different from Deoxyribonucleic acid profiles. Acoustic inform ations are uninterrupted non distinct and the talker neer says the same thing, precisely the same manner twice. The strength of grounds from a forensic voice comparing can non be expressed as a lucifer chance and must be expressed in signifier of a full likeliness ratio60. It is observed that really dependable determinations can be made by trained professional testers when samples are obtained in the mode described. The surveies produced strong grounds that even really good mimics can non double an- other s address patterns61. The standards of designation of address samples utilizing different techniques are discussed as follows: Auditory analysis- In this method, the designation is done on the footing of following voice characteristics- Quality of speech sample- Synthetic address can be compared and evaluated with regard to intelligibility, naturalness, and suitableness for used application62. Pronunciation, Accent, Speech sounds like vowels and consonants, stop consonants, spirants, nasal and pharynx sounds and matching consequence, Grammar, Stress, Syllable emphasis, Intonation, Rhythm, Fluency, tempo, Phrasing and Blending63. Each individual possesses a alone voice quality which depend on figure of anatomical characteristics, such as, dimension of unwritten piece of land, throat, rhinal pit, form and size of lingua and lips, place of dentition, tissue denseness etc. Linguistic features- Linguistics is the scientific survey of natural linguistic communication. These characteristics involves, the fashionable feeling of address, bringing of address ( the manner in which the address is delivered i.e. , Manuscript, Memorized, Impromptu, and Extemporaneous64 ) , Phonation ( the procedure by which the vocal creases produce certain sounds through quasi-periodic quiver or any oscillating province of any portion of voice box that modifies the airstream, of which voicing is one example65 ) . Articulatory speech- This is a type of address produced by motion or articulation of the articulators. This involves, flow of address ( depends upon the eloquence of the speaker66 ) , plosive formation ( First, a complete closing of the transition of air at the same point in the vocal piece of land, so the remotion of the closing, doing a sudden release of the out of use air with some explosive noise ) , nasality ( Nasal consonants have a uninterrupted full closing at some point in the unwritten pit. Since the veil is set in the low place, opening the velopharyngeal port, air is let out through the rhinal pit ) . Prosodic analysis- It involves the modulation form, moral force of volume ( kineticss refers to the volume of a sound or note and volume is the strength of esthesis received through the ear ) , speech rate ( comparative timing of different address events in spoken vocalizations ) , speech fluctuations, striking clip characteristics, intermissions ( number/length/pattern ) . Voice impairment- Speech or linguistic communication damage ( SLI ) means a communicating upset, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, linguistic communication damage, or a voice damage, that adversely affects a individual s educational public presentation. Speech and linguistic communication upsets refer to jobs in communicating and related countries such as unwritten motor map. These holds and upsets range from simple sound permutations to the inability to understand or utilize linguistic communication or utilize the oral-motor mechanism for functional address and eating. Some causes of address and linguistic communication upsets include hearing loss, neurological upsets, encephalon hurt, mental deceleration, drug maltreatment, physical damages such as cleft lip or roof of the mouth, and vocal maltreatment or abuse. Frequently, nevertheless, the cause is unknown. Temporal measurements- The temporal belongingss of address play an of import function in lingual contrast. Address can be said to be comprised of three chief temporal characteristics based on dominant fluctuation rates ; envelope, cyclicity and all right construction. Each characteristic has distinct acoustic manifestations, auditory and perceptual correlatives and functions in lingual contrasts67. These measurings involves phonation-time ( P/T ) ratio, address clip ( S/T ) rate, address explosion ( its number/length/patterns ) . Spectrographic analysis- The spectrograph is an instrument used to analyze the complex wave forms of sound and their changes in clip. This is done through spectrographs, which are in writing shows of the amplitude as a map of both frequence and time68. In this method, the hint words are selected from the questioned and the specimen samples on the footing of audile analysis. These are so selected for voice spectrographic analysis. A trained tester may be able to give an sentiment about the similarity between the two samples on the footing of features like: Cardinal frequency- It is the frequence of quiver of vocal cord produced during the rapid gap and shutting of vocal cord69, ( as shown in fig 5 ) . The cardinal frequence of a periodic signal is an opposite of period length. The period, in bend, is the smallest reiterating unit of a signal70. In voice spectrograph, horizontal distance between perpendicular striations is an indicant of cardinal frequence. It besides includes the pitch of voice i.e. , the rate of quiver of vocal cords. Software, BATVOX 3.0- The working of this package depends upon the undermentioned elements43: Case- It is the depository of audio files, theoretical accounts and computations portion of the same probe or forensic instance. Audio file- this is the first component to come in into the system in order to construct the theoretical accounts and calculate some biometric computations. The audio files in BATVOX can chiefly classified in two types Trial sound: Unknown sound file used to be compared to a fishy theoretical account in order to happen it out if both belongs to the same talker Training sound: sound file recorded from the known talker, used to make a voice theoretical account which can be compared with the trial sound files. Model- A theoretical account generated from the sound files is the representation of features of the talker s voice. Training of a model- A biometric procedure which extracts the features of the voice from the sound samples and therefore, generates a theoretical account. Session- Group of computations gathered together because of some common facets harmonizing to the standards of the user. The computations included in a session can be designation and a LR computation. Identification- The aim of the talker designation is to sort a voice whose beginning is non known. Likelihood ratio ( LR ) It is a relationship of chances. First, we have the likeliness that the trial belongs to a suspect and secondly, the trial does non belong to the suspect. One of the differences between the LR and designation is the manner of showing consequences. Normalization- It is the procedure of rectifying the effects that the deficiency of alliance has on statistical marking. This deficiency of alliance is caused by the heterogenous nature of the sound system. Reference population- These types of samples are fundamentally required for the standardization of the instrument. For a proper choice of the mention population, the features of the population should fit the features of the disputed talker. These features include the sex of the talker, channel type, net spoken length and language75. Mentions Phil Rose A ; James R Robertson, Forensic Speaker Identification , Taylor A ; Francis,1999 MohamedChenafa et Al, Biometric System Based on Voice Recognition Using Multiclassifiers , Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, Volume 5372/2008 B.R. Sharma, Scientific Criminal Investig